No. 1660 - Longley - St Columba's Catholic Church (1884-1898) - 'St Columba's was on Every Tongue'
Longley is a rural settlement approximately 20 kilometres south of Hobart. The area was originally named Leslie, a name that has been preserved in Leslie Hill which lies on the eastern side of Longley.
The focus of this article is on the first Catholic church built at Longley. St Columba’s opened in 1885 and was destroyed in bushfires which swept through Southern Tasmania in 1898. It was replaced by a new church in 1899.
While the church existed for a little over 10 years, and no photograph of the building exists, the building’s history is vividly captured in three newspaper reports, covering the churches beginnings through to its destruction. The reports from the Hobart Mercury have been mostly reproduced here in full as they beautifully capture the texture of life of the faithful Catholic community living along the Huon Track. The first report tells the story of the ceremonial laying of the church’s foundation stone on Sunday 9 March 1884:
“Yesterday, in the presence of a large concourse of people, was laid the first or foundation stone of this church. For months past this event was looked forward to by the residents, who mustered in their full force yesterday, and showed by their appreciation their pleasure and joy at the good work accomplished in their midst. They were joined in this by many from the neighbouring districts and townships, while the Hobart contingent was in itself sufficient to form a respectable congregation.
Every thing and every person seemed en fête for the occasion. The weather was all that could be desired, a cloudless sky, a serene atmosphere, "without a puff in the air or a puff in the sea." At 10 o'clock a.m. well laden conveyances commenced to leave the British Hotel, and many families also availed themselves of private vehicles. The drive along the Huon-road was thoroughly enjoyed. The various points of interest were explained by competent authorities. But one opinion prevailed - a lovelier drive could not be desired.
Arrived at the rendezvous at 12 o’clock noon, we found every district in the neighbourhood represented. The ceremonies commenced at noon, with Mass, celebrated by the Rev. Father O’Callaghan, Hobart. The choir was led by Mr. John Mulhall, of Prince's-street, while the organ, kindly lent for, the occasion by the good nuns of the Presentation Convent, Hobart, was played by Miss Shields, of the Sacred Heart Choir, New Town.
A tent was erected close to the proposed church for the celebration of the Holy Sacrifice. The sight, as the crowd knelt in the open air, to assist, was truly grand and picturesque. At the conclusion of Mass, the usual announcements were made, and then a procession was formed, headed by cross bearers and acolytes, to the foundation stone. Here, His Lordship the Bishop of
Hobart, performed ceremonies appointed in the Ritual, which lasted, for well nigh an hour. Towards the conclusion, there was deposited in a cavity, under the foundation stone, the various coins of the realm, copies of the local papers…with a parchment scroll, encased in a suitable cover, detailing the date of foundation, the name of the Pope and Bishop, the Queen and Governor, with the incidents in connection with the occasion.
Thereupon a panegyric upon the Saint under whose patronage the church was placed, was preached by the Rev. T. M. O'Callaghan. The collection that followed amounted to £69 14s. 6d. Too much praise cannot be given to the members of the choir, and the others who contributed by their exertions and Liberality to open St Columba's free from debt.
Messrs Harris and Lee, of Hobart are the architects of the building.
Previous to the departure of the most Rev. Dr. Murphy, he was presented, with an address by the Leslie and Longley residents, testifying their esteem and their adherence and attachment to the Sovereign Pontiff. The Bishop suitably replied, and dwelt upon the liberality displayed that day by all present. After a somewhat lengthened address, he blessed the people, after which at 4 o’clock p.m., they all quietly dispersed….”.
The official consecration and dedication of the church in February 1885 is described in considerable detail in a second report published in the Mercury:
“A stranger visiting the Huon yesterday would have naturally enquired the meaning of the bustle and stir every where apparent. He would not need to remain long in doubt. "St. Columba's" was on every tongue, and to the Church of St. Columba all were wending their way. A ray of happiness beamed from every face, for one and all were proud that their church was finished, and that there was a likelihood of opening it free from debt. Every form of conveyance from the steady-going chaise cart to the aristocratic barouche was put into requisition by the several families of the district, while the Hobart contingent in five heavily-laden busses showed that their equipage, though last to arrive at the trysting spot, was by no means the least in appearance.
Eleven-thirty a.m. was the hour fixed for the opening and dedication ceremony, and at that time an immense and fast-increasing multitude occupied the ground. The Bishop of Hobart, the Most Rev. Dr. Murphy, performed the dedicatory functions, in which he was assisted by the four priests present. Vested in snow white cope and brilliant mitre, he proceeded round the church, inside and outside, and performed the ceremony prescribed in the ritual for the dedication of churches.
At 12 o'clock noon, High Mass commenced, at which the Bishop presided, assisted by the Very Rev. Dean Beechinor, Launceston. The celebrant was the Rev. Peter O’Reilly, Port Cygnet ; deacon, Rev. M. W, Gilleran; sub-deacon, Rev. T. M. O'Callaghan. The post of master of ceremonies was also occupied by the Very Rev. Dean of Launceston.
After the first Gospel the Rev. Father Gilleran preached an able, exhaustive, and instructive discourse. For half an hour he kept the congregation spell-bound, and produced an effect which will live…. After the sermon had been delivered, a statement of accounts was read. Then came the offertory, and a sum exceeding £50 was handed in. Pontifical High Mass was then resumed, and 2 o'clock p.m. saw the ceremonies completed.
Bishop Murphy, by pre-arrangement, had a sumptuous picnic ready for the Cathedral Bazaar stall-holders and workers who were so busy the preceding week in the work of liquidation of the Cathedral debt, and to this repast they all now repaired. Camped in the open bush, surrounded by the giants of the forest, these excellent ladies enjoyed to the fullest extent their repast and its agreeable surroundings. An agreeable stroll was now indulged in, and the wild flowers culled, the ferns cut, and memories of another day recalled when the foundation stones were laid of the building just dedicated.
At 4 o'clock the crowds again assembled for benediction. The choir, under the skilful direction and able conductorship of Mr. John Mulhall, seemed to excel themselves. The organ was played by Miss Henrietta Shields with her accustomed skill and efficiency. After benediction the crowds commenced to disperse, all delighted with the drive, the day, the ceremonies, the sermon, themselves, and one another. Thus was brought to a close the opening of St. Columba's Church, Leslie, Huon Track”.
The destruction of St Columba’s in a bushfire is but a single incident in a far greater tragedy which claimed six lives and consumed dozens of buildings across Southern Tasmania. In the summer of 1897-98 Hobart experienced sweltering temperatures well in excess of 40 degrees. The bushfires, were the largest and most widespread in the Tasmania’s recorded history. Strong winds pushed the flames rapidly south into the Huon Valley, Longley, Sandfly, Kettering, Woodbridge, and Gordon. The following report from the Mercury is a horrific and confronting account of Longley’s destruction.
“All that was seen in the neighbourhood of Fern Tree was bad enough, but it was upon nearing the North West Bay River that the desolation and ruin at Longley began to be seen. Viewed from the rising ground there was nothing but blackness where on the morning of Friday there were pretty little cottages, fruitful orchards, and beautiful bush scenery. The telegraph posts were lying on the side of the road burnt off, the wires all bent, and the insulators strewn about, as they were all the way to the end of Lower Longley, a distance of some seven or eight miles. Upon reaching the North-west Bay Rivulet Mr. Gellibrand's two cottages were seen to be razed to the ground. The bridge, under which so many of the terror-stricken people were fortunate enough to save their lives, having been crossed a big gum tree, burnt down in the fearful blast, lay across the road still smouldering, and stopped all further progress with vehicles. The Huon coach with mails and passengers could go no further, neither could the brake load of people who also came down to see the place.
The ruins of the Longley Hotel and stables, Jones' (the groom's) cottage, opposite, and the stables and the police office, and the Roman Catholic church, were inspected. All were reduced to ashes. The carcasses of three horses lay on their sides where the stables were, the poor animals having been roasted alive. One horse had the harness on at the time. It belonged to Mr. Gilbert, of Port Cygnet, who was driving back to the Huon with a party of four visitors from Melbourne, when the fire coming from the direction of Lower Longley forced them to beat a retreat to the hotel. The horse was stabled whilst the visitors went to get refreshments, leaving the buggy standing in front of the premises on the road side. Whilst they were at the hotel the awful flare commenced, and they, as well as the landlord (Mr. Digges) and his family, had to fly to the bridge, leaving all behind.
Not a thing in the hotel was rescued. Whilst fleeing to the rivulet they could hear the poor animals crying out in their distress. At many other places scenes of a similar nature were presented. Miss Matthews was being injured by the frantic animals, and Mr. Matthews, sen, and wife had to escape for their lives with the daughter suffering from broken ribs. An improvised stretcher was used to take her along. She was subsequently conveyed to the Hobart Hospital where she died on Saturday. Jones, the groom, who had set out towards the Huon with the coach, was forced back, and barely had time to see his son alive. Mr. Digges rescued an enfeebled old man, named Pitham from his hut with great difficulty, Mrs. Pitham, being more active, managing to fly unaided. At first Mr. Digges thought the fire would leap over his premises, and it actually did lay hold of Jones' cottage before the hotel began to catch, but quickly both places were demolished. The Roman Catholic church, police office, Anglican church, post office, and Matthews' were almost simultaneously ablaze.
Mrs. Tabor, a widow, was with difficulty rescued from her burning house by her sons and taken to the bridge. Father Holehan had to quit his pretty little place on the rise, for the same rude refuge, and where the dead body of Mr Jones' boy was also soon laid, the landlord of the hotel helping Jones in getting his children to the bridge. The homes of both the Matthews', senior and junior, were quickly destroyed, the animals in the paddocks raving about and making a hideous noise at they perished”.
Mr. T. Armstrong managed to save his house and immediate surroundings by early setting the bush near at hand ablaze, for it ran out to meet the great fire. Mr Armstrong was afterwards able to render valuable assistance, helping to save the life of Mr. Matthews, sen., and others, not escaping scatheless himself, as he got his hands burnt, Mr. Coombs, sen., an old man, was only just helped away in time from the post office, Mr. T. H. Matthews, with his wife and child, rushed to the bridge to save their lives without having time to put on a single extra garment, for they, like others on such a sweltering hot day, were lightly clothed.
The sad fate of their fruit picker Rates has already been alluded too. Mr Herbert Coombes helped to get his sister, the postmistress away, leaving the post office and all its contents burning. The building contained a safe, but so fierce was the fire that, with the exception of a policy of insurance and a few much crumpled up bank notes, its contents were destroyed. Jones, the groom, had about £17 in gold in the house, but up to Saturday afternoon a sovereign and a half-melted was all that could be found of the money. Mr. Coombe is reported to have got into a hollow tree with his wife and six children, and by using wet blankets managed to escape.
The black bridge below the site of the hotel was still burning on Saturday, and in the afternoon it went down with a crash. The coach driver, McDonald, was met walking up from Lower Longley carrying a saddle. It appeared that he attempted to get through on the previous night on horseback when he got stopped by falling trees. He unsaddled the horse and turned it into the bush, while he sought refuge where he could. Considerable anxiety was felt about him till he put in an appearance on Saturday morning. He stated that there were numerous burning trees down across the road all the way to Lower Longley. Beyond there the road to the Huon was clear.
The Rev. Father Holehan, the Catholic clergyman stationed at Longley, lost by the fire his house, church, and nearly his own life. He can scarcely be said to have saved the clothes in which he stood, for he had to fly from his house without his hat, and arrived in Hobart at 9 o'clock on Friday night bareheaded. When he saw that his church was in danger he rushed to it to save at least the sacred vessels but on opening the door he found that the interior was on fire, although up to that time there was no sign of fire on the outside, He did not succeed in saving the sacred vessels, but got himself severely burned and had to retire. Father Holehan's sister, who lived with him, escaped with him to Hobart. The reverend gentleman reached town in a deplorable state of mind and body. Since Friday night he has been staying at St. Joseph's Presbytery, Barrack-square, where many sympathising friends have called upon him. He was well enough on Sunday to attend the services at St. Joseph's Church, morning and evening, but was unable to take any ministerial part in them...".
Almost two years were to pass before St Columba’s was replaced. This church too, was destroyed in similar circumstances in the bushfires of 1967. This was building was not replaced. All that remains as a reminder of St Columba’s is a single headstone, the remnant of a small cemetery on a site adjoining the church.
The focus of this article is on the first Catholic church built at Longley. St Columba’s opened in 1885 and was destroyed in bushfires which swept through Southern Tasmania in 1898. It was replaced by a new church in 1899.
While the church existed for a little over 10 years, and no photograph of the building exists, the building’s history is vividly captured in three newspaper reports, covering the churches beginnings through to its destruction. The reports from the Hobart Mercury have been mostly reproduced here in full as they beautifully capture the texture of life of the faithful Catholic community living along the Huon Track. The first report tells the story of the ceremonial laying of the church’s foundation stone on Sunday 9 March 1884:
“Yesterday, in the presence of a large concourse of people, was laid the first or foundation stone of this church. For months past this event was looked forward to by the residents, who mustered in their full force yesterday, and showed by their appreciation their pleasure and joy at the good work accomplished in their midst. They were joined in this by many from the neighbouring districts and townships, while the Hobart contingent was in itself sufficient to form a respectable congregation.
Every thing and every person seemed en fête for the occasion. The weather was all that could be desired, a cloudless sky, a serene atmosphere, "without a puff in the air or a puff in the sea." At 10 o'clock a.m. well laden conveyances commenced to leave the British Hotel, and many families also availed themselves of private vehicles. The drive along the Huon-road was thoroughly enjoyed. The various points of interest were explained by competent authorities. But one opinion prevailed - a lovelier drive could not be desired.
Arrived at the rendezvous at 12 o’clock noon, we found every district in the neighbourhood represented. The ceremonies commenced at noon, with Mass, celebrated by the Rev. Father O’Callaghan, Hobart. The choir was led by Mr. John Mulhall, of Prince's-street, while the organ, kindly lent for, the occasion by the good nuns of the Presentation Convent, Hobart, was played by Miss Shields, of the Sacred Heart Choir, New Town.
A tent was erected close to the proposed church for the celebration of the Holy Sacrifice. The sight, as the crowd knelt in the open air, to assist, was truly grand and picturesque. At the conclusion of Mass, the usual announcements were made, and then a procession was formed, headed by cross bearers and acolytes, to the foundation stone. Here, His Lordship the Bishop of
Hobart, performed ceremonies appointed in the Ritual, which lasted, for well nigh an hour. Towards the conclusion, there was deposited in a cavity, under the foundation stone, the various coins of the realm, copies of the local papers…with a parchment scroll, encased in a suitable cover, detailing the date of foundation, the name of the Pope and Bishop, the Queen and Governor, with the incidents in connection with the occasion.
Thereupon a panegyric upon the Saint under whose patronage the church was placed, was preached by the Rev. T. M. O'Callaghan. The collection that followed amounted to £69 14s. 6d. Too much praise cannot be given to the members of the choir, and the others who contributed by their exertions and Liberality to open St Columba's free from debt.
Messrs Harris and Lee, of Hobart are the architects of the building.
Previous to the departure of the most Rev. Dr. Murphy, he was presented, with an address by the Leslie and Longley residents, testifying their esteem and their adherence and attachment to the Sovereign Pontiff. The Bishop suitably replied, and dwelt upon the liberality displayed that day by all present. After a somewhat lengthened address, he blessed the people, after which at 4 o’clock p.m., they all quietly dispersed….”.
The official consecration and dedication of the church in February 1885 is described in considerable detail in a second report published in the Mercury:
“A stranger visiting the Huon yesterday would have naturally enquired the meaning of the bustle and stir every where apparent. He would not need to remain long in doubt. "St. Columba's" was on every tongue, and to the Church of St. Columba all were wending their way. A ray of happiness beamed from every face, for one and all were proud that their church was finished, and that there was a likelihood of opening it free from debt. Every form of conveyance from the steady-going chaise cart to the aristocratic barouche was put into requisition by the several families of the district, while the Hobart contingent in five heavily-laden busses showed that their equipage, though last to arrive at the trysting spot, was by no means the least in appearance.
Eleven-thirty a.m. was the hour fixed for the opening and dedication ceremony, and at that time an immense and fast-increasing multitude occupied the ground. The Bishop of Hobart, the Most Rev. Dr. Murphy, performed the dedicatory functions, in which he was assisted by the four priests present. Vested in snow white cope and brilliant mitre, he proceeded round the church, inside and outside, and performed the ceremony prescribed in the ritual for the dedication of churches.
At 12 o'clock noon, High Mass commenced, at which the Bishop presided, assisted by the Very Rev. Dean Beechinor, Launceston. The celebrant was the Rev. Peter O’Reilly, Port Cygnet ; deacon, Rev. M. W, Gilleran; sub-deacon, Rev. T. M. O'Callaghan. The post of master of ceremonies was also occupied by the Very Rev. Dean of Launceston.
After the first Gospel the Rev. Father Gilleran preached an able, exhaustive, and instructive discourse. For half an hour he kept the congregation spell-bound, and produced an effect which will live…. After the sermon had been delivered, a statement of accounts was read. Then came the offertory, and a sum exceeding £50 was handed in. Pontifical High Mass was then resumed, and 2 o'clock p.m. saw the ceremonies completed.
Bishop Murphy, by pre-arrangement, had a sumptuous picnic ready for the Cathedral Bazaar stall-holders and workers who were so busy the preceding week in the work of liquidation of the Cathedral debt, and to this repast they all now repaired. Camped in the open bush, surrounded by the giants of the forest, these excellent ladies enjoyed to the fullest extent their repast and its agreeable surroundings. An agreeable stroll was now indulged in, and the wild flowers culled, the ferns cut, and memories of another day recalled when the foundation stones were laid of the building just dedicated.
At 4 o'clock the crowds again assembled for benediction. The choir, under the skilful direction and able conductorship of Mr. John Mulhall, seemed to excel themselves. The organ was played by Miss Henrietta Shields with her accustomed skill and efficiency. After benediction the crowds commenced to disperse, all delighted with the drive, the day, the ceremonies, the sermon, themselves, and one another. Thus was brought to a close the opening of St. Columba's Church, Leslie, Huon Track”.
The destruction of St Columba’s in a bushfire is but a single incident in a far greater tragedy which claimed six lives and consumed dozens of buildings across Southern Tasmania. In the summer of 1897-98 Hobart experienced sweltering temperatures well in excess of 40 degrees. The bushfires, were the largest and most widespread in the Tasmania’s recorded history. Strong winds pushed the flames rapidly south into the Huon Valley, Longley, Sandfly, Kettering, Woodbridge, and Gordon. The following report from the Mercury is a horrific and confronting account of Longley’s destruction.
“All that was seen in the neighbourhood of Fern Tree was bad enough, but it was upon nearing the North West Bay River that the desolation and ruin at Longley began to be seen. Viewed from the rising ground there was nothing but blackness where on the morning of Friday there were pretty little cottages, fruitful orchards, and beautiful bush scenery. The telegraph posts were lying on the side of the road burnt off, the wires all bent, and the insulators strewn about, as they were all the way to the end of Lower Longley, a distance of some seven or eight miles. Upon reaching the North-west Bay Rivulet Mr. Gellibrand's two cottages were seen to be razed to the ground. The bridge, under which so many of the terror-stricken people were fortunate enough to save their lives, having been crossed a big gum tree, burnt down in the fearful blast, lay across the road still smouldering, and stopped all further progress with vehicles. The Huon coach with mails and passengers could go no further, neither could the brake load of people who also came down to see the place.
The ruins of the Longley Hotel and stables, Jones' (the groom's) cottage, opposite, and the stables and the police office, and the Roman Catholic church, were inspected. All were reduced to ashes. The carcasses of three horses lay on their sides where the stables were, the poor animals having been roasted alive. One horse had the harness on at the time. It belonged to Mr. Gilbert, of Port Cygnet, who was driving back to the Huon with a party of four visitors from Melbourne, when the fire coming from the direction of Lower Longley forced them to beat a retreat to the hotel. The horse was stabled whilst the visitors went to get refreshments, leaving the buggy standing in front of the premises on the road side. Whilst they were at the hotel the awful flare commenced, and they, as well as the landlord (Mr. Digges) and his family, had to fly to the bridge, leaving all behind.
Not a thing in the hotel was rescued. Whilst fleeing to the rivulet they could hear the poor animals crying out in their distress. At many other places scenes of a similar nature were presented. Miss Matthews was being injured by the frantic animals, and Mr. Matthews, sen, and wife had to escape for their lives with the daughter suffering from broken ribs. An improvised stretcher was used to take her along. She was subsequently conveyed to the Hobart Hospital where she died on Saturday. Jones, the groom, who had set out towards the Huon with the coach, was forced back, and barely had time to see his son alive. Mr. Digges rescued an enfeebled old man, named Pitham from his hut with great difficulty, Mrs. Pitham, being more active, managing to fly unaided. At first Mr. Digges thought the fire would leap over his premises, and it actually did lay hold of Jones' cottage before the hotel began to catch, but quickly both places were demolished. The Roman Catholic church, police office, Anglican church, post office, and Matthews' were almost simultaneously ablaze.
Mrs. Tabor, a widow, was with difficulty rescued from her burning house by her sons and taken to the bridge. Father Holehan had to quit his pretty little place on the rise, for the same rude refuge, and where the dead body of Mr Jones' boy was also soon laid, the landlord of the hotel helping Jones in getting his children to the bridge. The homes of both the Matthews', senior and junior, were quickly destroyed, the animals in the paddocks raving about and making a hideous noise at they perished”.
Mr. T. Armstrong managed to save his house and immediate surroundings by early setting the bush near at hand ablaze, for it ran out to meet the great fire. Mr Armstrong was afterwards able to render valuable assistance, helping to save the life of Mr. Matthews, sen., and others, not escaping scatheless himself, as he got his hands burnt, Mr. Coombs, sen., an old man, was only just helped away in time from the post office, Mr. T. H. Matthews, with his wife and child, rushed to the bridge to save their lives without having time to put on a single extra garment, for they, like others on such a sweltering hot day, were lightly clothed.
The sad fate of their fruit picker Rates has already been alluded too. Mr Herbert Coombes helped to get his sister, the postmistress away, leaving the post office and all its contents burning. The building contained a safe, but so fierce was the fire that, with the exception of a policy of insurance and a few much crumpled up bank notes, its contents were destroyed. Jones, the groom, had about £17 in gold in the house, but up to Saturday afternoon a sovereign and a half-melted was all that could be found of the money. Mr. Coombe is reported to have got into a hollow tree with his wife and six children, and by using wet blankets managed to escape.
The black bridge below the site of the hotel was still burning on Saturday, and in the afternoon it went down with a crash. The coach driver, McDonald, was met walking up from Lower Longley carrying a saddle. It appeared that he attempted to get through on the previous night on horseback when he got stopped by falling trees. He unsaddled the horse and turned it into the bush, while he sought refuge where he could. Considerable anxiety was felt about him till he put in an appearance on Saturday morning. He stated that there were numerous burning trees down across the road all the way to Lower Longley. Beyond there the road to the Huon was clear.
The Rev. Father Holehan, the Catholic clergyman stationed at Longley, lost by the fire his house, church, and nearly his own life. He can scarcely be said to have saved the clothes in which he stood, for he had to fly from his house without his hat, and arrived in Hobart at 9 o'clock on Friday night bareheaded. When he saw that his church was in danger he rushed to it to save at least the sacred vessels but on opening the door he found that the interior was on fire, although up to that time there was no sign of fire on the outside, He did not succeed in saving the sacred vessels, but got himself severely burned and had to retire. Father Holehan's sister, who lived with him, escaped with him to Hobart. The reverend gentleman reached town in a deplorable state of mind and body. Since Friday night he has been staying at St. Joseph's Presbytery, Barrack-square, where many sympathising friends have called upon him. He was well enough on Sunday to attend the services at St. Joseph's Church, morning and evening, but was unable to take any ministerial part in them...".
Almost two years were to pass before St Columba’s was replaced. This church too, was destroyed in similar circumstances in the bushfires of 1967. This was building was not replaced. All that remains as a reminder of St Columba’s is a single headstone, the remnant of a small cemetery on a site adjoining the church.
 |
| Ruins at Longley after the 1898 fire. Photograph: Libraries Tasmania - Photographs and Glass Plate Negatives collected by E R Pretyman (NS1013) |
 |
| A photograph of Longley in the early 1890s. The Longley bridge where survivors of the fire too refuge is on the far left. Photograph: Libraries Tasmania - Photographs and Glass Plate Negatives collected by E R Pretyman (NS1013) |
 |
| The Mercury 1885 |
Sources:
Mercury, Monday 10 March 1884, page 3
Mercury, Thursday 9 October 1884, page 7
Mercury, Monday 9 February 1885, page 3
Tasmanian News, Monday 9 February 1885, page 2
Launceston Examiner, Tuesday 4 January 1898, page 6
Launceston Examiner, Tuesday 4 January 1898, page 5
Mercury, Monday 28 November 1898, page 2
Comments
Post a Comment